Battle of Lechfeld (910)

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June Learn how and when to remove this template message This battle was part of the war in the Carpathian Basin between the newly-settled Hungarians and the kingdom of East Francia, which lasted from the Hungarian conquest of Transdanubia from the Bavarians inuntil the Battle of Rednitz in In a Hungarian army invaded Bavariabut it was defeated by Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria in a minor battle palazzo salis soglio svájc anti aging Pocking. Prelude[ edit ] Possibly desirous of repeating the victorious campaigns of his ancestor Charles the Great against the Avars which ended with the subjugation of the latter though unmindful of the fate of Luitpold in the Battle of Pressburg three years earlierKing Louis decided palazzo salis soglio svájc anti aging forces from all the German duchies should come together to fight the Hungarians.

He even threatened with execution those who would not gather under his flag. This explains why the Magyars were so cautious during the battle, and waited an unusually long time more than twelve hourssapping the strength of the enemy little by little with hit-and-run tactics as well as using psychological methods to confuse them, before taking the decisive tactical step.

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The historian Igaz Levente states that the Hungarian campaign of was started in order to prevent another German campaign against the Hungarian territories like the one fromwhich ended in disaster for the Western army in the battle of Pressburg. Although it was a crushing Hungarian victory, the Magyars thought that it is safer to conduct military operations in Germany rather than in their own lands. The king's army was led by Count Gozbert, [12] because Louis was only 16 years old at the time.

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This shows that Hungarian intelligence worked very effectively not only within Hungary, but also in enemy territory, making possible the rapid movement of military operations onto the opponent's land. As Liutprand of Cremona mentions, the king did not expect that the Hungarians would appear in his territory so quickly.

In conclusion we can say that the Hungarian spies learned of the preparations of the Frankish armies and informed the Magyar commanders so quickly, that these had the time to gather an army and move into the German territory so quickly that the Eastern Franks had no time not only to reach Hungary, but even to finish the concentration of their troops, and start to move towards it. Still, from the account of Liutprand of Cremona it palazzo salis soglio svájc anti aging be understood that, even without the Frankish help, the king's army had many more soldiers than the Hungarians.

One historian supposes that a small Hungarian unit kept the Frankish army busy until the Battle of Augsburg ended.

Battle of Lechfeld (910)

Hungarian nomadic warriors used similar tactics elsewhere. They distracted enemies with simple maneuvers to hide the real tactical movement and intent. An example is the Battle of the Brenta. The first phase of the battle.

Látták: Átírás 1 Nagyaukció képeslapok Az árverés anyaga megtekinthető weboldalunkon és irodánkban VI. Andrássy út A magyar filatélia a teremben kor kezdődik, a külföldi filatéliára ig lehet online ajánlatot tenni.

The Germans prepared for battle, making their battle formation, and it began, with the Hungarians, probably in small swarming archer groups, attacking on horses, shooting arrows on the Germans, who protected themselves with their wall of shields.

After a while the Hungarians retreated feigning defeat, and when the German heavy mounted horsemen pursued them, they shot arrows back on the Germans, killing many of them, while their horses continued to retreat. In the course of the day, this tactic was used several times. This is why when the Germans attacked, only the heavy cavalry pursued the Hungarians, while the infantry formed a solid wall, and stayed in their places.

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But their nomadic composite bows were much more superior than the European bows, and because of this they could kill the enemy with their arrows, without being reached by the Europeans. Also the Hungarian horses were quicker than the German ones, because they had less weight to carry.

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But still, in order to lure the German soldiers after them, the Hungarians had to move very close, and even start short hand-to-hand skirmishes with the superior Germans, in the places of the defensive line, where they saw weaknesses, then to run, when the situation started to be severe, convincing the enemy that he is about to win, persuading him to pursue them, and with this to break his battle formation, giving them the opportunity to exploit this, and inflict heavy losses on them.

It was 7 in the evening, which is more than 12 hours from the start of the battle at dawnand Louis the Child thought that his troops were about to win the battle.

Swiss Image, mely felkarolta az Alpok adta szépséget (X)

At this moment the Hungarians started a general attack, then again used the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors, starting to retreat in haste, like they were defeated. Maybe they did not want to wait for another night, thinking that the Hungarians will shoot arrows on them all the night, destroying their camp, palazzo salis soglio palazzo salis soglio svájc anti aging anti aging they were tired by the unusual length of the battle it lasted all day, from dawn to eveningin the hot summer sun, [27] or they were traumatised by the ever-growing losses inflicted on them by the Hungarian arrows, or on the contrary the Hungarians, with their monotone, apparently unsuccessful attacks against their lines aroused in them a self-conceit that they are about to win the battle.

The Hungarians also used psychological warfare in another battle that occurred 11 years earlier: the Battle of Brenta Riverfeigning defeat in an early skirmish, then running away, showing to the enemy commanders that they had despaired, then sending envoys to them asking for forgiveness, with this convincing the enemy to feel pretentious and comfortable, then striking in an unexpected moment and destroying the Italian army.

The retreating main Hungarian army lured the attacking German cavalry to the places in which their reserve troops were hidden, and they continued to retreat until the whole pursuing German cavalry crossed the narrow field which separated two woods in which the Hungarian reserves were hidden, when suddenly without observing them, these hidden Hungarian reserves came out from their hiding places and attacked the Germans with loud screaming in order to frighten and demoralize them before the final clash.

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One of the key elements of nomadic warfare was the careful choosing of the battlefield, which provide them advantage in winning the battle. This shows the great patience of the Hungarian commander, who in the whole day conducted manoeuvres which diverted the enemy's attention from his real purpose. The same thing happened also during the events which led to the Battle of the Brentathis time against the Italians, a battle in which probably the Hungarians were led by the same commander.

The fact that the Hungarian troops which performed the tactic of the feigned retreat, luring the German cavalry at the second battlefield, could withstand, in the decisive moment, the charge of the Swabian heavy cavalry, shows that the Hungarians had also troops with adequate armor and weapons to resist a charge from the most formidable heavy cavalry of those times. Their success was also facilitated by the fact that they retreated in order, when the Swabians lost theirs.

Swiss Image, mely felkarolta az Alpok adta szépséget (X) | Krémmánia magazin

This shows also that palazzo salis soglio svájc anti aging Hungarian commander chose attentively which branches to use in the precise moments of the battle, and that he was totally at charge of his troops from the beginning until the end of the battle. From Liutprand's account "the kings people" we can understand that the king was not among the pursuing German cavalry, so this is why he escaped. In this slaughter, because they could not break the Hungarian encirclement, probably no German cavalrymen survived, and presumably here was killed count Gozbert, [35] the real commander of the army and Managolt, the count of Alemannia, who were leading the attack of the German cavalry.

The last phase of the battle. At this point the king Louis the Child had to be among the infantry, which marched after the German cavalry from far behind, thinking that they won the battle, but when he arrived to the new battle scene, he saw that his bravest soldiers were slaughtered by the Hungarians, shortly before.

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From Liutprand of Cremona's account we can understand very well that he was not part of the slaughter of the cavalry, and he saw only the result of it a little later. He narrates his astonishment, despair at that moment, and the fact that he was totally fooled and misled by their clever tactics. Probably the bodyguard unit of the king, which was mounted, managed to save him, and take him away quickly from the battlefield, while the Hungarians were busy of slaughtering the running German infantry, which suffered very heavy losses, caused by the Hungarian horsemen, who palazzo salis soglio svájc anti aging these were the rules of nomadic warfare eliminate the beaten enemy and his commanders completely [37]pursued them all the way, killing every one in their reach.

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The Hungarian losses were so light, that after just 10 days, on 22 June, they managed to annihilate, in the Battle of Rednitzthe other German army, the Frankish - Lorrainian - Bavarian one, which before the battle of Augsburg was expected to unite with the main army led by the king Louis the Child, and to fight together against the Hungarians, killing also the commanders of that army, among them Gebhard, Duke of Lorraine.

So, the Hungarian army, with a "Napoleonean" tactic István Bóna[13] cleverly managed to attack and beat these two armies separately. The Hungarian campaign ofwhich resulted the Hungarian victories from Augsburg and Rednitz.

After these two battles the Hungarian army plundered and burned the German territories while nobody tried to fight them off again, retreating to the walled towns and castles, and waiting for them to turn back to Hungary.

This is demonstrated by the fact that after these defeats, Louis IV the Child, the German king, together with the SwabianFrankishBavarian and Saxonian princes, agreed to pay tribute to the Hungarians. His successor as German king, Conrad I of Germany —refused to pay any tribute to the Hungarians however, the dukes of Bavaria and Swabia paid from tribute to the Magyars, who helped their fight against the German kings [42] [43]and this legjobb öregedésgátló krém nz frequent attacks on Palazzo salis soglio svájc anti aging made by the Hungarian nomadic armies, which caused many defeats Eresburg inPalazzo salis soglio svájc anti aging indestruction the burning of Bremen inBasel in and plunderings, and just a few successes particularly inwhich finally forced king Henry the Fowler in to again start to pay tribute to the Hungarians, untilthe Battle of Riade which ended the long 26 years period of Hungarian military superiority and domination in Germany.

However, the Hungarian raids in Germany continued untiltheir defeat in the second Battle of Lechfeld.

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Hungarian translation from the original Latin of those part, which are about the Hungarians. Original Latin text: "Quidam similitudine nominum, quae una duntaxat literula distant, decepti, hanc cladem Boios accepisse tradunt ad Augustam Rhetiae, quae Teutonum sermone Auspurg, ut Anasiburgium Ansburg nuncupatur.

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Évi magyar kalandozások időrendjéhezHadtörténelmi közlemények, Hungarian translation from the original Latin: "Lajos király tehát látva népének pusztulását és a magyarok kegyetlenkedését, övéinek lelkét feltüzeli ama fenyegetésével, hogyha valaki történetesen kivonná magát ebből a hadjáratból, amelyet a magyarokkal szemben szándékozik viselni, az ilyen kétségen kívül akasztófán fogja végezni.

Germany in the Early Middle Ages — New York: Longman,